SECURE 2.0 Act Summary: New Retirement Plan Rules to Know
The SECURE 2.0 Act makes major changes to 401(k), IRA, Roth, and other retirement savings plans. Here's what you need to know.
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The SECURE 2.0 Act is a recently enacted significant piece of legislation that has brought about substantial changes to the retirement account rules in the United States. These changes which go into effect at different times (some for 2023 and others in 2024 or later years) affect retirement savings plans such as 401(k), 403(b), IRA, Roth accounts, and related tax breaks.
The primary objective of this new law is to encourage more workers to save for their retirement. However, some of the complex changes have confused some taxpayers and plan sponsors. Therefore, it is important to understand the key points of the law. Here's what you need to know.
Overview
SECURE 2.0 Act retirement plan changes
More than 90 provisions in SECURE 2.0 cover all types of retirement savings plans. Some requirements are in place now, as of 2023. Other provisions will become effective in the new year, 2024, or in later years, i.e., 2025, 2026, or 2027.
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Some changes in SECURE 2.0 involve:
- RMD Age Rules and Penalties
- Higher 401(k) Catch-up Contributions
- Automatic Enrollment Changes
- Emergency Withdrawal Flexibility
- 529 Plan Roth Rollovers
- A Student Loan Payment 401(k) Match
This SECURE 2.0 summary highlights key provisions of the new law and potential implications for your retirement planning.
Required Minimum Distributions
SECURE Act 2.0 RMD changes
2023 RMD age change. Under the law before SECURE 2.0, you generally had to take required minimum distributions (RMDs) from your retirement plan beginning at age 72. SECURE 2.0 increased the required minimum distribution age to 73 as of January 1, 2023. However, if you turned 72 in 2022, you had to take your first RMD by April 1, 2023.
The bump to age 73 is one of several new RMD rules. However, in ten years, the RMD age moves to 75.
Delays in the age for taking RMDs raise tax implications and can present practical challenges. The latter can be particularly significant for lower-income retirees, who typically use RMDs to cover living expenses.
For example, pushing the RMD age back might be a "nonevent" for some retirees, according to Paul Camhi, vice president and senior financial advisor at The Wealth Alliance, who told Kiplinger, "Most [older adults] can't afford to wait until 72 [to take RMDs], let alone until age 75."
RMD rule delay for inherited IRAs. The IRS is delaying the implementation of IRA RMD rules until 2024. Additionally, the agency is extending the 60-day rollover of certain retirement plan distributions was extended to Sept. 30, 2023.
- Last year, the IRS waived penalties until 2023 for failing to immediately take RMDs if you inherited an IRA in 2020 or 2021.
- (Missing an RMD or failing to take the appropriate distribution amount incurs a 25% IRS penalty — down from 50% due to SECURE 2.0 RMD penalty changes — added to the amount that should have been withdrawn.) However, the penalty can be as low as 10%.
- That IRS transition relief came about due to confusion over the timing of required plan payouts and implementation of related legislative changes.
The latest RMD rule delay allows beneficiaries of inherited IRAs to understand distribution requirements better and take payouts. The extension offers more time to roll over distributions from earlier this year that were mischaracterized as RMDs.
RMDs and Roth 401(k)s. Beginning next year (in 2024), the SECURE 2.0 Act also eliminates RMDs for qualified employer Roth plan accounts. Previously, there was a difference in the rules that applied to Roth 401(k) accounts in employer plans versus Roth IRAs (i.e., the latter were not subject to required minimum distributions).
As a result, it is important to consider how SECURE 2.0 RMD changes could impact you and plan accordingly.
Related: IRS Delays IRA RMD Rules Again
SECURE 2.0 401(k) Changes
How does SECURE 2.0 affect 401(k)?
SECURE 2.0 contains numerous provisions that impact 401(k) plans. These provisions take effect in various years but deal with issues including financial incentives to contribute to a retirement plan, hardship withdrawal rules, automatic enrollment, contributions limits, and part-time worker access.
Each is mentioned below.
401(k) Financial Incentives
Small incentives to contribute to a retirement plan. The SECURE 2.0 Act allows your employer to offer small financial incentives (e.g., low-dollar gift cards) to help boost employee participation in a workplace retirement plan.
This provision became effective beginning January 2023.
Withdrawal Rules 2024
SECURE 2.0 hardship withdrawal
Emergency expense distributions. Beginning in 2024, under the SECURE 2.0 Act, you will be allowed to take an early “emergency” distribution from your retirement account to cover unforeseeable or immediate financial needs.
That emergency distribution of up to $1,000, could only be taken once during the year, but won't be subject to the usual additional 10 percent tax that applies to early distributions. But: if you choose not to repay the distribution within a certain time, you won't be allowed to take other emergency distributions for three years.
- Other hardship withdrawals are provided for in the SECURE 2.0 Act including 403(b) plans.
- (Currently, distribution rules for 403(b) and 401(k) plans are different, so SECURE 2.0 would conform to those rules.)
- Also, under SECURE 2.0, penalty-free withdrawals, on small amounts of money from retirement plans in cases involving domestic abuse, will be allowed.
2025 Auto Enrollment
401(k) automatic enrollment under SECURE 2.0
Automatic enrollment in retirement plans. Beginning in 2025, the SECURE 2.0 Act expands automatic enrollment in retirement plans. The rationale for this is that automatic enrollment in 401(k) plans has been shown to increase participation.
According to the U.S. Department of Labor, "Whether you already have a 401(k) plan or are considering starting one, automatic enrollment 401(k) plans offer many advantages."
In addition to helping small businesses attract and retain employees, the Labor Department points to tax advantages associated with 401(k) participation (including the deduction of employer contributions and deferred taxation on contributions and earnings until distribution).
With some exceptions for small businesses, SECURE 2.0 requires 401(k) and 403(b) plans to automatically enroll eligible participants, who will then be able to opt out of participation, if desired.
Contributions Limits
SECURE Act 401(k) contribution limit
Higher catch-up contribution limit. Right now, if you are 50 or older you can make catch-up contributions to your retirement plan up to certain limits. SECURE 2.0 increases those limits, beginning in 2025, to the greater of $10,000 or 50 percent more than the regular catch-up amount if you are 60, 61, 62, or 63 years old. After 2025, those amounts will be indexed for inflation.
Also, as of 2024, SECURE 2.0 Act rules, which are now delayed, were designed to impact how eligible workers with incomes over $145,000, make catch-up contributions. (The income threshold will be adjusted for inflation.) See below for more information on the delay of this rule to 2026.
Catch-up Contributions
SECURE 2.0 Roth catch-up contributions
Under SECURE 2.0, if you are at least 50 years old and earned $145,000 or more in the previous year, you can make catch-up contributions to your employer-sponsored 401(k) account. But you would have to make those extra contributions on a Roth basis, using after-tax money.
- You couldn’t get tax deductions on those catch-up contributions as you would with typical 401(k) contributions, but you could withdraw the money tax-free when you retire.
- The SECURE 2.0 Roth catch-up contribution rule won’t apply to taxpayers making $144,999 or less in a tax year.
Note: The Roth catch-up rule was originally supposed to take effect in 2024. However, due to problems with implementing Roth catch-up contributions, the IRS announced that Roth catch-up contributions for high earners age 50 or over won’t be required until 2026. (That’s a two-year delay of the new rule.)
Keep in mind, however, that those catch-up contributions will eventually (in 2026), have to be made on a Roth basis if your income meets or exceeds the $145,000 threshold.
More: The 401(k) Catch-up Contributions Problem for 2024
Student Loans
SECURE student loan match
Employer fund match for student loan payments. Under the SECURE 2.0 Act, your employer can make a matching contribution to your retirement plan account based on your student loan payment amount. This is designed to address the fact that high student loan debt can keep people from saving for retirement. This will become effective in 2024.
Note: Student loan payments resumed in fall 2023 since student loan debt forgiveness was been struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court.
529 Plan Rollovers
529 SECURE Act Roth IRA
Roth rollover option for 529 plans. Beginning in 2024, SECURE 2.0 changes 529 plan rules.
- In limited circumstances (i.e., there are a lot of requirements that must be met including that the Roth IRA account must be in the name of the 529 plan beneficiary), some people may be able to rollover a 529 plan that they have maintained for at least 15 years to a Roth IRA.
Annual limits for the rollover would have to be within the annual contribution limit and there will be a $35,000 lifetime limit on what can be rolled to the Roth IRA.
Related: 529 Plan Contribution Deadlines
2027 Savers Match
SECURE 2.0 Saver's Credit
Saver’s match. Beginning in 2027, the SECURE 2.0 Act replaces the nonrefundable Saver’s Credit for some IRA and retirement plan contributions with a federal matching contribution that will be deposited into your IRA or retirement plan. The so-called "Saver’s Match" will be 50% of IRA or retirement plan contributions up to $2,000 per person. However, some income limits and phase-outs will apply.
Related: Saver's Credit: Do You Qualify?
Part-Time Workers
Part-time employees SECURE Act changes
The SECURE 2.0 Act contains many more provisions that could impact your retirement savings account (and in turn, potentially your taxes and tax breaks).
Some of those provisions involve everything from part-time worker access to employer retirement plans, and small business tax credits, to contributions to SIMPLE, and SEP plans.
Other provisions address issues surrounding stock ownership and savings bonds. Consult a financial advisor or trusted tax professional if you have questions or concerns about how these changes might impact you or your taxes.
Lost Accounts
Lost 401(k) accounts database
Retirement savings “lost and found.” Have you ever lost track of your 401(k)? Well, the SECURE 2.0 Act enables the creation of a searchable database to help people find retirement benefits that they lost track of. The retirement savings “lost and found” will be housed at the Department of Labor and be created within the next two years.
Data show that millions of 401(k) accounts are regularly forgotten, amounting to nearly a trillion dollars in unclaimed retirement benefits.
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